Here is an 'elaborated' translation of Mt 1:2–17 (I
have added round brackets to add in what might be merely implied):
Abraham produced Isaac,
Isaac produced Jacob,
Jacob produced Judah and his brothers (that is, the twelve tribes in the time of Egypt),
Judah produced Perez and Zara whose mother was Tamar (originally a Canaanite?),
Perez produced Ezrom,
Ezrom produced Aram,
Aram produced Aminadab,
Aminadab produced Naason,
Naason produced Salmon,
Salmon produced Boaz whose mother was Rahab (originally a Canaanite),
Boaz produced Jobed whose mother was Ruth (originally a Moabite),
Jobed produced Jessie,
Jessie produced King David.
David produced Solomon whose mother was the wife of Uriah (the Hittite),
Solomon was the father of Rehoboam,
Rehoboam produced Abijah,
Abijah produced Asaph,
Asaph produced Josaphat,
Josaphat produced Joram,
Joram produced Uzziah,
Uzziah produced Jotham,
Jothan produced Ahaz,
Ahaz produced Hezekiah,
Hezekiah produced Manasseh,
Manasseh produced Amos,
Amos produced Josiah,
Josiah produced Jechoniah and his brothers at the time of the exile to Babylon.
After the exile in Babylon: Jechoniah produced Salathiel,
Salathiel produced Zerubbabel,
Zerubbabel produced Abiud,
Abiud produced Eliakim.
Eliakim produced Azor,
Azor produced Zadok,
Zadok produced Achim,
Achim produced Eliud,
Eliud produced Eleazar,
Eleazar produced Matthan,
and Matthan produced Jacob,
Jacob produced Joseph the husband of Mary the mother to whom was born Jesus who is called the Messiah.
So there are fourteen generations from Abraham to David, and from David to the Babylonian Exile fourteen generations, and from the Babylonian Exile to the Messiah fourteen generations.
I have a few comments to make on Mt 1:2-17.
Proceeding forwards in
time from Abraham to David to Jesus forms a chiastic (reverse)
pattern with verse 1 (Jesus, David, Abraham).
The expression used in Matthew does not follow that
used for the ‘descendents of’ pattern but rather follows the pattern used in
Gen 25:19 for ‘the ancestors of’ (Isaac) namely:
And these are the generations of Isaac the son of Abraham: Abraham begot Isaac
καὶ αὗται αἱ γενέσεις Ισαακ τοῦ υἱοῦ Αβρααμ• Αβρααμ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ισαακ.
(For this observation I must credit Basser's
commentary on Matthew - I'm still relying on his earlier edition, The Mind
Behind the Gospels: A Commentary to Matthew 1-14).
The simplest translation for ἐγέννησεν
is perhaps '(he) generated' (which fits with verse 1's 'generations of Jesus')
but still sounds a bit odd. Most English Bibles prefer to the more natural sounding '...was the father of...' which works so long as we remember that 'was father'
is here a verb (to be progenitor of / progenerate) and perhaps also 'be
ancestor of' as the inverse of the concept found in verse 1 (where 'son of' is
really 'descendant of' or 'in the line of'). (This also allows writers to give
a list of progenitors with several generations unaccounted for / skipped over).
I have highlighted an interpretation found in
recent commentaries on Matthew about the four women (namely their Gentile
heritage or Gentile association), but I now offer more commentary regarding
Matthew's 'account of origins of Jesus Messiah' in particular regarding:
- the threefold pattern of fourteen generations; and
- the probably reason for the four women the writer ('Matthew') has included.
(1) For the most satisfactory explanation of what the
pattern of fourteen generations achieves we turn to Basser (and no it's not
about the name David in Hebrew). Basically there are 28 generations between the
'full moon' of King David and the final appearance of the Messiah (with the
lowest point of the three eras of Messianic history being the time of the
Exile):
The threefold pattern of fourteen generations makes sense in relation to rabbinic traditions that speak of the cycle of the moon. … According to this scenario, both David and Jesus are at “full moon” positions in a complete fourteen/fifteen generation-repeating cycle. (pages 31-32 in Basser's full commentary or see pages 26-27 in his earlier commentary for rabbinic examples)
(2) Disappointingly none of the commentaries can
satisfactorily explain the included women in the genealogy (that is, the mention
of "by Tamar" "by Rahab" "by Ruth" and "by
she of Uriah the Hittite")...there are an abundance of theories about this feature! The
commentaries usually mention only a few of the main proposals. I won't be engaging
with all the theories here...
Yes the women probably had Gentile heritage (except
for Bathsheba who is only 'associated' by being the wife of Uriah the Hittite)
and yes their presence does help introduce Jesus's mother (since Joseph is
really only adopting Jesus into his Messianic line) ... but there are two important Matthean themes at work here of which I believe we should take notice:
- (a) Refusal to Shame (Greater Righteousness); and
- (b) Messianic Fulfillment.
We must understand the presumed maleness in the
whole enterprise of writing an ancient genealogy - genealogies were political by
nature, they concerned a public space (or 'male space') thus Matthew ascribes
public status to Jesus through his (adopted) father's family line (the clan of
Judah and the house of David). [see Jerome H. Neyrey, Honor and Shame in the
Gospel of Matthew].
But the genealogy is also a story of a people/nation, and these four
women (Tamar; Rahab; Ruth; and the widow of Uriah) stand out as having famous
roles in the historical drama of Israelite leadership/kingship.
So for example Matthew's fourth example: the mention of David's
producing a son "by the wife of Uriah" recalls the story of David's
shameful treatment of Bathsheba and Uriah. Here Bathsheba's name is not
even mentioned (in Matthew's genealogy) so the shame is not
placed on her. In other words Matthew (and his tradition) refuses to shame the woman.
Instead the focus is on David's misconduct
(his abuse of power, his taking Bathsheba, his plotting the death of her
husband Uriah who is faithfully out fighting [in the designated 'male' space
'outdoors'/'behaving publicly'] as a soldier in David's army [while David stays
home when 'kings usually go to war' and wanders the rooftops and then takes
Uriah's wife Bathsheba]. How David uses his power (treats others under him,
including women) is kept out of the public eye (until the prophet Nathan says
to David that the consequence will be that the very 'same evil' will be raised up
by God against him in that someone else will sleep with David's own wives but this time it will be “before all
Israel" and "before the eyes of this sun” 2 Sam 12:11-12). Namely the greater evil/shame this next time will involve the public eye!
At this point Matthew's genealogy wanes from its
highest ('moon' of David) and readers may begin to ponder the kind of contrasts
with the way the Messiah is/will be when he arrives (namely, that he arrives to counter
such sin/evil and will not wield 'power over' but will treat respectfully others who have less power than himself, like women and children). This is the story anticipating a 'redemption' and 'transformation' that sits beautifully within Matthew's
genealogy.
I suggest readers should test out this method of interpretation with the other
mothers (e.g. at Naomi's suggestion Ruth beatifies herself and lays at the feet
of Boaz one night to pursue his affections in marriage - but does he take advantage of her
or shame her advances?; Is Rahab shamed for her profession or ethnicity when
helping Joshua and his soldiers; Tamar is willing to die rather than shame her
father-in-law after posing as a prostitute and when Judah realises what she has
done and compares it to how he has treated her... what does he declare..? [see comment next post on Mt 1:18-19]).
Neyrey admits that his encomium approach
(namely the grounds for awarding honor and praise in Greco-Roman literature)
"cannot settle the particular exegetical issue of whether the females are
shameless or honorable."
France in his commentary acknowledges
that "according to Jewish tradition, Tamar, Rahab, and Ruth were regarded
as heroines" which leads to France arguing for them all being examples of
Gentiles who converted to Israelites - which is semi-correct. Matthew's
point would seem to be that it's precisely because the tradition has refused
to shame the women which is the greater righteousness already underway - these women are accepted
into a new community/people and the sinful actions surrounding the treatment of women are necessarily being addressed and transformed - in Matthew it anticipates a future redeemer
(for both its people and its tradition) - this transformation is precisely what the Messiah and his new community is
supposed to be about.
(b) Now this also fits Matthew's likely Messianic
interpretation of Gen 3:15 regarding the expectancy that someone will overcome
the curse of sin and disobedience of God's law (against eating the fruit and
the discovering of shame) and this is shown to be reversed in the fulfillment
of Gen 3:15 by the 'seed of the woman' (the mother of the Messiah) [see next post].
So Matthew's highlighting the Messiah's 'mothers' may
ultimately stem from a Messianic reading of Genesis 3:15 anticipating the
promise that the 'seed of the woman' would have victory over the powers of sin, evil and shame (after many generations of conflict). [Note similarly Jesse R.
Scheumann, “Mothers of Offspring in 1 & 2 Kings: A Messianic Hope in
David's Line?,” Tyndale Bulletin 65, no. 1 (2013): 37-56]
Thus both (a) and (b) account for the fifth and
final woman in the Messiah's genealogy: Mary the mother of Jesus ... see next
post...
(This was my 3rd post in a long series on translating
the Gospel of Matthew into English, based on engaging with interpretations
found in recent Greek commentaries.)
